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1.	semantics		What words and phrases (literally) mean.
2.	f, v		Labiodental fricatives.
3.	incompatibility		Mutual exclusiveness. Sort of like antonyms? Red/green -> both with in a big category, but aren't the same.
4.	Theory of Mind		Recognize that others have beliefs, thoughts and they can be changed. Attention getting, pointing, looking in direction where others are looking.
5.	Formal Semantics people		Chomsky, Frege, Russell, early Wittgenstein
6.	limerick		two lines of anapestic trimeter, followed by two lines of anapestic dimeter, followed by final anapestic trimeter.
7.	Broca's Region		- Helps create a variety of sounds in the (now) elongated mouth. - Broca's aphasia can't speak fluently, mixed morphemes. (But comprehension is good!)
8.	Arabic colloquials		Egyptian, Algerian, etc. All have the same written "standard" Arabic, but different spoken - not all are mutually intelligible.
9.	trachea/esophagus		Two tubes: one for breathing and the other for eating.
10.	phonemes		Little sounds/building blocks of sound (e.g. alphabet) that helps us put together sounds to form words.
11.	descriptive linguistics		Documents structure of particular language (phonology, morphology or syntax).
12.	What is "Correct" (4)		1. Established Critera 2. Accepted variances. 3. Unaccepted variances. 4. Inventions w/ no basis.
13.	quantitative metrical system		Based on long-short syllables, NOT accented and non-accented syllables. In Greek and Latin metrics.
14.	i		FLEECE, SEED, SEIZE
15.	typological features (3)		1. phoneme inventory 2. syllable structure 3. prosody (acoustic properties like rhythm and intonation) Can create a hierarchy of most common to least common.
16.	ʊr		CURE, TOUR, BOOR, GOURD (uncommon)
17.	eɪ		é - FACE, LATE, BABE
18.	direct speech acts		declaration questioning imperative ^ Are generally defined well, unlike threats which can vary.
19.	Russell		- FORMAL SEMANTICS - Logician with Frege; quantificational logic. Math can apply to grammar. - Recursive compositionality.
20.	non-contextual word substitution		The substituting word comes completely out of the blue (not in original phrase). Hungarian restaurant instead of rhapsody.
21.	language learning		Learning as children, pick up differently.
22.	corpus callosum differences		At three months, music and speech for male on right and females on left. At six months, both on right still for males. In females, speech on left and music on right (adult pattern).
23.	ɪ		KIT, SHIP, RIB, DIM
24.	content morphemes		Nouns, adjectives, or verbs. Can freely be created. "Open Class"
25.	Wernicke's Region		- Understanding of language. Can now understand more sounds.
26.	ʒ		GENRE, MEASURE, ROUGE
27.	scope		Prominence of one quantifying over another. Two girls hugged very boy. (Two has scope over every.)
28.	Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian		Same, but split due to political differences. (Different spelling - one with Cyrillic, other with roman.)
29.	clitic		"Little words" like 's, a, the. Don't have much meaning on their own, needs to have a "host" word. Neither derivational or inflectional.
30.	spondee		long-long
31.	word vs. morpheme		One or more morphemes that can stand alone. Words can generally be moved about in a sentence, but morphemes cannot. (SWIM TEAM *team swim, RECALIBRATE *CalibrateRe)
32.	comparative method		Difficult, requires advanced knowledge of grammar of each language. Try to reconstruct mother language through examining patterns that happen across the board to cognates.
33.	phonology		How sounds combine to form words. How position in a word affects the sound it is pronounced as.
34.	spoonerisms		From Dr. Spooner: Work is the curse of the drinking classes. Tasted the whole worm. Queer old dean. Letters or syllables get swapped.
35.	why language changes (4)		1. language learning 2. cultures meet (language contact) 3. social differentiation 4. changes due to natural use
36.	Austin		- COMM-INTENT - Wrote "How to do things with words" about speech acts - "Fact is richer than diction"
37.	iamb		short-long
38.	Great Vowel Shift		Vowel sounds rotated in a big circle. e.g. he (pronounced not with "e" but with "i" sound - hee not heh). Chart. Middle English to Modern English.
39.	ɾ		PETAL, WATER, MEDAL. Between vowels.
40.	constituent		Group of words that function as a unit. - Substitution. - Movement (to another part of sentence). - Question - replace w/ question word.
41.	ð		Voiced - THAT, EITHER, LOATHE.
42.	unconditioned sound change		Occurs across the board. Hawaiian: changed all "t" to "k" (but there are still "t"s in related Islandic languages like Tahitian)
43.	lenity		If law is ambiguous (e.g. two appellate courts disagreed in the car title washing scheme), the defendant would get his side.
44.	Morphology		How words are formed. Adding suffixes, prefixes, etc.
45.	homonymy		Words that accidentally pronounced the same. Too/two None/nun
46.	Pinker		Thought singular their was bad: an acceptable mistake that happens, but wrong nevertheless.
47.	lexical semantics		Refers to the meaning of lexeme by itself. Compare to compositional semantics.
48.	Linguistics: prescriptivist or descriptive?		Generally descriptive. Will not prescribe unless a medical condition. Local dialects are NOT a medical condition.
49.	Nonconcatenated Morphemes		Instead of prefix/suffix, infixes. Aren't added together. - un-friggin-believable - men = man + null morpheme (change is in the middle, not on the end)
50.	garden path sentences		Used in psycholinguistics to show we process words one at a time.
51.	textualist		Similar to formal semanticists - look into exactly what the words say and nothing more.
52.	Prescriptivist inventions with no real basis.		Dangling propositions - Dryden. I Shall vs. You Will It is I. Split infinitive: to (badly) say something
53.	oʊ		GOAT, SOAP, ROBE
54.	modal tag question		Request information or confirmation of uncertainties. "You ate it, didn't you?" Men use more than women. (Mean they are more insecure about opinions?)
55.	function morphemes		Prepositions, serve a grammatical purpose. to, by, a, the Not easy to create, so "closed class"
56.	Semantics versus communication		Formal semantics = words to be studied on their own. Meaning is something words sentences have innately. Communication-Intentionalists = words must be studied with conjuction to meaning. Brought up by Strawson's Logico Linguistic papers. People generally study both ways.
57.	categorize languages due to (3)		1. mutual intelligible 2. speaker attitudes 3. politics
58.	conditioned sound change		Sound changes only in specific situations, such as before certain consonants.
59.	syntagmatic		How lexemes relate to the syntax (whole sentence). The letters in a word have syntagmic relationship with one another, as do the words in a sentence or the objects in a picture.
60.	Cupertino effect		Mistake made by computers when spell checking. Not an attempt to undermine English, but a mistake.
61.	k, g		Plosive, velar.
62.	Goals of early grammarians		1. Find patterns/codify language. 2. Settle disputes. 3. Point out common errors.
63.	falsely made		falsely - refers to the manner of the making, or the entire document?
64.	least linguistic diversity		Europe
65.	Adaptions for language (3)		1. Shortened the muzzle, longer oral cavity. 2. Brain grew larger. 3. Increase size of pharynx by lowering larynx.
66.	polysemy		A word that has multiple meanings. Bright = not dark, or smart.
67.	anthropological linguistics		Study of interaction between language and culture. (Broad)
68.	accentual-syllabic		Each line has a given number of beats, but there are also some restrictions on the # of syllables in between each beat.
69.	inflectional morphemes		Change something grammatically: present/past, singular/plural. - predictable meaning - ONLY suffixes (in English) - remain same part of speech - occur outside derivational changes
70.	scansion		Marking up the rhythmic structure of a verse, with notation for the beat, additional syllables, and line breaks.
71.	synonymy		Same meaning. pavement = sidewalk
72.	dominance theory		Men and women grow up in the same culture, but power and status not equally distributed. Language different present due to variation of goals and status.
73.	Applied Linguistics		Using linguistics: second language teaching, learning.
74.	types of slips		1. phrase exchange 2. word substitution 3. inflectional morpheme shift 4. stem morpheme exchange 5. syllable onset - anticipation 6. phonological anticipation
75.	contrepet		French linguistic joke: phrases that would be obscene if exchange were to happen.
76.	parapraxis		"Freudian slips" a form of self-betrayal of unconscious beliefs. Can occur at many levels of linguistics - syllables, phonemes, etc. Uncommon - very rarely related to repressed fears or desires. Will come up more likely if the situation is prompted - "primed" by assocation.
77.	laryngal buzz		Causes voiced/voiceless sounds. Oscillation of vocal cords in the larynx.
78.	statutory construction		A process of determining what a law means.
79.	Arabic vs. Spanish/Port		Both families developed in the same period of time. Spanish/Portuguese now distinguished as two separate languages. Arabic colloquials still share the same writing. Literally, both sets are different within. Attitudewise, Arabic feels part of same community - tied by Quran. S/P does not.
80.	Disadvantages of adapations (3)		1. Can now choke (!!!) 2. Larger brain requires more energy. Brain tissue = 10x energy of other tissue. 3. Requires longer gestation, so humans now born prematurlely.
81.	Morphemes		Homework/Sheet.
82.	tune-lyric alignment		Innately put stress of words with down beat of the music.
83.	psycholinguistics		How the brain processes language, meaning. Comprehension.
84.	Human vs. Primate Language		HUMAN - Big vocab 10,000 to 100,000 - Open vocabulary. - Open reference to time/space. - Structured messages. PRIMATE - small vocab ~10 - Closed vocabulary. - Same across geography, normally refers to things NOW. - single items, no complexity. BOTH - identify speaker - express emotion
85.	uniqueness point		Point at which there is no mistakening a word for another. b- bri- brid-> bride. General occurs about halfway through word.
86.	hiss		A leaky escape of air. Causes fricatives.
87.	Pierce		Helped develope semiotics.
88.	vocal cords		Can buzz by Bernoulli forces, causing voiced/voiceless.
89.	Antonin Scalia		Disagreed with O'Connor: said that the gun didn't count as being used, because the intent of the law maker was to refer to use as in the gun's intended use. How a word CAN be used versus how it is ordinarily used. Disagreed w/ Marshall. Falsely refers to the manner of making, not the thing itself. (e.g. inexpensively-made painting versus cheap painting). Says synonyms there to collectively describe forgery in general.
90.	glottochronology		Rate of change in language similar to radioactive decay. Vocabulary decays ~ 14% each millennium. If related languages 70% similar, then protolanguage existed 12 centuries before... Higher percentage of cognates, then more recently the two split. Flaws: assume that decays at constant rate; word lists not comprehensive. Change arises from EVENTS, not regular.
91.	t, d		Plosive, which is voiceless?
92.	gender: larynx		Males: - vocal folds 50% longer. - Lower pitch of voice. - more vocal cord matter - lower larynx, longer vocal tract causes formant frequencies to drop - higher risk of choking
93.	Why speaking? (2)		1. Need an "open loop" system to provide constant feedback. 2. Chemical, touch, electrical, neural, visual aren't that effective.
94.	other sound changes (6)		assimilation dissimilation haplology loss merger split
95.	g-dropping history		-inde/-ende to -ung to -ing Started with g's dropped, and the addition of G was the new pattern. Eventually became norm.
96.	lexicostatistics		By Swadesh. Get lists of words, find cognate pairs, and match percentage to determine how related two languages are. Flaws? - Borrowing from other languages. - Low cognate percentages might be from chance, or brief interaction, and not descendance.
97.	affricates		Consonant version of dipthong, such as ʧ (tuh-sh = chuh).
98.	ʃ		SHEEP, TISSUE, MESH
99.	softeners		Mitigate the force of an impolite or demanding request. "Could you?"
100.	anapest		short-short-long
101.	ɛ		DRESS, STEP, EBB, HEM
102.	gating paradigm		Way to cut off word and allow subjects to guess the word.
103.	soft palate/velum		Back of throat, guards opening to nasal cavity. Causes velar sounds.
104.	Terms in Semantics		Practice/relay sheets.
105.	Wittgenstein		- early: FORMAL SEMANTICS - Then completely failed to logic/philosophize the map between words and objects/thoughts - Became a garderner - late: COMMUNICATION-INTENTIONALIST - "Etymology is destiny" - Language games.
106.	word salad		Jumble of words. Takes longest to recognize, because relying solely on acoustic evidence and word frequency.
107.	syllable		A cycle of opening/closing the vocal tract. ONSET (the start of syllable) NUCLEUS (inside of syllable)
108.	trochee		long-short
109.	metathesis		spaghetti - pasghetti
110.	g-drop trends		As class status "rises", g-dropping "falls". Casual speech the most, reading the least. Men more informal in general.
111.	affective tag question		Indicate concern for the addressee. Has nothing to do with uncertainty. "Open the door for me, could you?"
112.	sociolinguistics		Relationship between society and language: groups (class, gender, age) of people who share similar trait in language use.
113.	p, b		Plosive, bilabial.
114.	epiglottis		Nearby the vocal cords, juts out slightly into pharynx. Cartilage membrane. (Glottal sounds.)
115.	meter		Basic rhythmic pattern of a poem.
116.	compositional semantics		Put together meaning of complex phrases by merging together classes red/cow/all/eat/grass. * Assumes lexical semantics = already known.
117.	types of taxology (4)		1. isolating 2. inflectional 3. agglutinative 4. polysynthetic
118.	source: internal change		comes from within a single linguistic community.
119.	Communication-Intentionalists		Late Wittgenstein, Austin, Grice
120.	epenthesis		Add sounds to the middle. (athlete, realtor)
121.	shibboleth		Linguistic marker to distinguish between two groups. Ex: Dominican Republic and the rolling R, or Biblical Gilead versus Ephraimites.
122.	semiotics		Study of signs & signaling, developed by Pierce and Saussure.
123.	m, n, ŋ		Nasals. RING, FINGER.
124.	cognates		Words derived from the same mother word. flora/fleur
125.	Melville Bell		- Created "Visible Speech" which would be a basis for current IPA - Used it for speech teaching.
126.	diglossia		When formal language and spoken language become so apart they split into two different languages. You can prescribe the formal as much/long as you want, but you can't stop people from speaking their own.
127.	stylistics		How language varies in specific speech situations.
128.	Hindi/Urdu		Same language, different writing.
129.	complex nominal		Sequence of 1+ nouns/adjectives. Can be ambiguous. olive oil, ivy league school
130.	aɪ		PRICE, RIPE, TIME
131.	Word Trees/Grouping		Here. Answers
132.	Passive Voice Practice		Here. Answers
133.	computational linguistics		Use of computers to assist languages; teaching computers to understand speech.
134.	accentual-syllabic metric system		Based on stress patterns and beat structure.
135.	neurolinguistics		What specific parts of the brain do in interpreting language.
136.	syntactic category rule		Most word slips occur when things replace those of the SAME CATEGORY. e.g. noun by a noun, verb by a verb.
137.	crockus		Supposedly 4x larger in females than in males, explaining why females grasp the details while males understand the entire picture. Completely made up?
138.	sense vs. reference		Coined by Frege: SENSE What it actually means. REFERENCE Real life object it refers to. John, Mary's husband Morning star, evening star.
139.	synecdoche		A type of metonymy. Also expresses associations, but specifically references a part of the whole thing, or a larger class of the whole thing. (Broader or narrower term.)
140.	George Bernard Shaw		- wrote Pygmalion - Saw class differences as "superficial and modifiable," not essential - believed they did not distinguish one as a class, and could "rise above" it
141.	biology of language		Human versus animal communications; genes of language.
142.	Classifying articles.		Homework/old homework.
143.	Frege		- Sense vs. reference - FORMAL SEMANTICS - Logician: came up with recursive compositionality, quantification logic (for things like "all") - Worked a lot with Russell
144.	pragmatics		What humans mean when they are using words.
145.	phonetics		Physical production of sound, acoustics. Includes the physiology of mouth, pitch and intonation.
146.	Pygmalion		"Impossible for an Englishman to open his mouth without making some other Englishman hate or despise him." By George Bernard Shaw
147.	j		"Y" (yuh) - YELLOW, LAWYER
148.	Machiavelli Intelligence Theory		Intelligence (deception, lying, etc.) drove our brains to become a lot bigger than expected.
149.	Syntax: multiple meanings?		Dominant word on the right in English. Dung beetle. (A kind of beetle.) Beetle dung. (A king of dung.)
150.	natural usage		Easier to drop middle sounds (probably to probly) - some constructions stick and stay.
151.	larynx		Voice box. Houses the vocal cords. Became lower and larger in evolution.
152.	syntax		Study of sentence structure, phrase structure.
153.	why do slips occur?		Language is a hard thing to do! Runs at approximately 3 words/second, must do a lot of thinking.
154.	lexeme		Walk, walks, walked. A lexicon is the vocabulary of all lexemes.
155.	difference theory		Also called "two culture theory." Men and women inhabit different cultural worlds. Grow up in different cultures, and can't communicate cross culture. Women use language as a "bonding" experience to build relationships. Rapport. Men rely on activities to bond, use language to express facts. Report.
156.	ʊ		FOOT, GOOD, LOOK, BUSH.
157.	corpus callosum		Neural fibers that connect two hemispheres of the cortex. Supposedly larger (when adjusted for size) in females. Also more "bulbous" in females, and more stretching out in males.
158.	s, z		Alveolar fricatives.
159.	lateralization		Localize language and speech into one side (left, dominant) of the brain.
160.	Hyponymy		Inclusion of meaning. Scarlet, crimson are hyponyms of red. Cat is a hyponym of animal.
161.	free morphemes		Are words and can occur alone. car yes
162.	source: external change		Contact between outside linguistic communities.
163.	ɔr		NORTH, FORCE, STORM, FLOOR
164.	forensic linguistics		Language and the law (courtroom, arrest).
165.	Codified Languages		Latin, Sanskrit, Old Church Slavonic
166.	language change like evolution		1. Certain grammar/constructions might be "easier" to learn, so it is the "fittest" to survive. Genetics mostly a tree form. Linguistics not really; languages can rejoin and come together again.
167.	Grice		- COMM-INTENT - wrote "Logic and Conversation" - Came up with 4 maxims of the cooperative principle (relevancy, etc.)
168.	eggcorn		When not fully knowing something, passing it on. Down the chute -> down the shoot.
169.	ɪr		NEAR, BEER, FIERCE
170.	aʊ		MOUTH, POUCH, LOUD, NOUN
171.	ˈ and ˌ		Primary and secondary stress.
172.	paradigmatic		How words can substitute for one another in a sentence (meaningwise). Items on a menu have paradigmatic relationship when they are in the same group (starters, main course, sweet) as a choice is made. Individual letters have a paradigmatic relationship with other letters, as where one letter is used, another may replace it
173.	flow of reference		- We often use pronouns instead of repeating old information. - Will swap a/the/them/it without notice. - Different forms of saying the same thing have different meaning in context.
174.	alveolar ridge		Bump right behind top teeth. Can cause sounds by tongue touching it, or behind it. (Alveolar or postalveolar.)
175.	Human Dimorphism (vs. Primate)		- larynx is larger, and lower (in males) In apes, no change in larynx: only larger teeth and bigger size.
176.	æ		TRAP, BAD, CAB. Also BATH, CLASP.
177.	facilitative tags		Invite the listener to take a part in the conversation. "They are ugly, aren't they?" Women say more than men (and powerful even more). Carry on the "work" of keeping convo going?
178.	conversational implicative (4)		4 Maxims established by Grice that have to do with pragmatics. 1. Quality (truth) 2. Quantity (exactly as much info as expected) 3. Relevance 4. Manner (ambiguity)
179.	ar		START, FARM, SHARP
180.	θ, ð		Dental fricatives.
181.	bound morphemes		Cannot occur alone. re- -tion
182.	ʌ, ə		STRUT, CUP, HUM. SOFA, TARANTULA, ABOVE
183.	Communicative displays in animals.		10-35 unique displays.
184.	ʃ, ʒ		Postalveolar fricatives.
185.	gender differences (2)		- larynx - brain
186.	things affecting word recognition		- CONTEXT! With context, recognize very early. - Common-ness. More common words are thought of first, until more of the word is heard.
187.	pop (stop)		Pressure of air behind a constriction, with a sudden release. Cause plosives.
188.	dipthong		Vowels sounds formed by two: ɛɪ, aʊ. NOT ar.
189.	Speech versus Writing		Speech is primary, writing is secondary.
190.	Review Vocal Tract.		see diagram.
191.	syncope		Loss of middle sounds. (Usually conditional). (Jessica, Tamara)
192.	apocope		Loss of ending sounds. (Usually conditional)
193.	encephalization		Brain size normalized would be proportional to social-ness of group. Groups of ~150 too large, so possible speaking to adapt to gossip.
194.	recursive compositionality		Create big ideas out of smaller ones (compositionality). Multiple groupings form hierarchy of meaning (recursion). Developed by Frege and Russell.
195.	social differentiation		Higher class picks way to distinguish themselves (g-dropping). Vocabulary, pronunciation, ways of phrasing things...
196.	target pair/bias pair		Used to try and induce language errors. Would use pairs of words being asked to be read aloud. The bias pair are "regular" and contain a common feature. The target pair is atypical and examiner tries to get the target pair to be read incorrectly to match the feature of the bias pairs.
197.	formant frequencies		Related to phonetics; major resonances frequencies of sound, such as in vowels.
198.	passive voice		Subject of a verb becomes the "object" in a passive sentence.
199.	Freud		Write "Psychopathology of Everyday Life," on substitutions of works in speech or writing. Said that "slips" from from repressed, unconscious desires.
200.	perfomative verbs		Assert, ask, order, advise, warn, promise, bet. They actually accomplish the verb when said. Use "hereby" test to check.
201.	most linguistic diversity		Asia + Africa
202.	Three-dimensional space in IPA Vowel Chart.		1) degree of opening of the vocal tract runs from top to bottom; 2) fronter vs. backer position of the tongue runs from left to right; 3) spread vs. rounded lips is indicated by pairs of symbols at a given place in the chart.
203.	number of languages		~ 7000 Number increases due to different categorization.
204.	ɜr		NURSE, CURB, TURN, WORK
205.	malapropisms		Using big words in the wrong context. From Mrs. Malaprop in Sheridan's play "the Rivals" (think mal a propos).
206.	language games		"secret languages", Ubbi Dubbi. Children tend to grasp quickly, phonologically based (not spelling).
207.	Deborah Tannen		Wrote "You just don't understand" about the two cultures theory. Expressed into movie: woman tells boyfriend she is thirsty. Gets angry at the glass of water for him treating her words as a "request to solve the problem" instead of "expressing sympathy."
208.	Saussure		- Helped develop semiotics. - Distinguished between syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. - Predicted the existence of laryngeals in indoproto european
209.	base		In a multimorphetic word, the base is not always "free" -> unkempt
210.	idealistic communication, problems		Someone has idea. Puts into words, speaks them. Listener hears sound, recognizes words, grasps intent. Problem: most ideas can't be put to 1-1 correspondence with words.
211.	Theoretical Linguistics		Broad; how language is structured.
212.	Why picked up language?		1. Hunt better. 2. Think better. 3. For "gossip" purposes. 4. For marriage purposes. 5. Spandrel theory.
213.	register vs. genre		- Genre refers more to "socially conventionalized kinds of text" - Register: a subset of language that is used by a speaker for a specific purpose; spoken style (e.g. formal versus informal) depending on the speaker's attitude, not the communicative type
214.	Panini		- Indian grammarian who wrote 4000+ grammar rules for Sumerian, to understand Vedas and religious scripts - Wrote to help preserve Hindu canon - "Elite" form of language
215.	allomorph		A variant form of another morpheme. [z] and [s] in cats and dogs.
216.	dying languages		About 50% (not being taught to children). Estimate: 1 century, half of languages gone, maybe less than 1000 left.
217.	connotation versus denotation		Connotation: emotions, suggestive meaning of a word. Denotation: points to a real life something, literal meaning. Sometimes they become the same (trivial) over time. NOT THE SAME AS SENSE AND REFERENCE.
218.	ɔɪ		CHOICE, BOY, VOID
219.	gender: aphasia		Determined relationship between brain damage and aphasia: left anterior (front) of frontal cortex = women's language processing left posterior (back) = men's.
220.	Sandra Day O'Connor		Said that using a machine gun as barter counts as "using it" and the defendant gets the higher sentence. Disagreed w/ Marshall.
221.	vernacular Latin		"vulgar Latin" - was spoken on outskirts, and became Ibero-Romance, including Spanish and Portuguese.
222.	Spandrel Theory		Theory that language resulted from an accidental convenient twist.
223.	Chomsky		- Developed formal language theory. - Reasoned about problems in natural language learning. - FORMAL SEMANTICS - study w/o reference to use.
224.	gender: phonological tasks		In males, left region (more localized). In females, both side regions.
225.	u		GOOSE, LOOP, MOOD
226.	Exceptions of -ize		womanize, winterize are only Germanic attachments of -ize. All the rest are Romance root words.
227.	ʧ		CHOP, HATCHET, MATCH
228.	variation due to register		- phone conversation vs. article vs. advertisement - Biber created chart mapping different categories
229.	equivalence classes		Also known as lexical sets. Vowels sounding the same.
230.	pharynx		Throat. Was elongated by the descending of the larynx.
231.	metonymy		Using a term to convey its associations. Metaphor - The ship plowed through the sea. Metonymy - The sails crossed the ocean. "The law" for policeman. (Example is also synecdoche because sails are a part of a ship.)
232.	Rudyard Kipling		Women should have no part in politics because she is unable to confer without fighting. "The female of the species"
233.	dactyl		long-short-short
234.	sentence orders		1. S V O (English, Romance) 2. S O V (most common, Japanese) 3. V S O (Welsh, Irish)
235.	Languages WITH academies.		French, Spanish, Hungarian, Hebrew.
236.	rhetorical structure		Meaning's version of syntax. Kind of like a big outline of the ideas being expressed: main idea, followed by facts, etc. Relates entire phrases, sentences, etc; concepts like justification. Synax would only relate words; concepts like quantification. (a and dog)
237.	multi/poly-morpheme words		Made up of more than one morpheme. men = debatable (if you include the null morpheme)
238.	purposive		Similar to communication-intentionalists. Consider the intents of the law maker when creating the law.
239.	ɛr		SQUARE, CARE, AIR
240.	tag questions		Added to the end to confirm; signifies lack of self-confidence in speaker. Men actually use more tag questions in some studies.
241.	a		LOT, STOP, ODD. Also PALM, BRAHMS.
242.	most common speech error		Occurs in words, morphemes and phonemes.
243.	Churchyard		Documented faux pas's in writing (singular their); said it was okay because it had begun with English in its roots. (Not wrong!)
244.	things detracting from word recognition		- implausible/unlikely context (John buried the guitar) - impossible context (John drank the guitar) Cause about a 50ms delay. - Wrong syntax even slower - word salad. (The drank John guitar)
245.	historical linguistics		Traces history or evolution of something in a language, such as sound change, word order.
246.	semantics versus pragmatics		SEMANTICS: meaning of morphemes, words, phrases and sentences (alone). Analysis of meaning would include PRAGMATICS.
247.	Languages created by need		Pidgins & Creoles
248.	metaphor		Extend meaning by comparison or analogy.
249.	prothesis		introduction of new sounds at the beginning. (scola, escola in Portugeuse)
250.	Strawson		- Wrote Logico-Linguistic Papers - Brought up concept of semantics dichotomy: formal semantics or communication-intentionalists?
251.	linguistic typology		Classifying languages based on similar structural characters. Also seeing what occurs in all or most languages.
252.	IPA		Review packet.
253.	gerunds		To Fly -> The Flying of...
254.	antonymy		Opposite meaning. high != low
255.	power effect		People in charge use more affective tags (facilitative or softeners).
256.	Types of Languages		1. Created by need 2. Spoken only. 3. With academies. 4. Without academies. 5. Codified
257.	Languages w/ no academies.		English, Marathi.
258.	derivational morpheme		Creates a derivative word. - Can sometimes change part of speech. To create -> the Creation - Unpredictable meaning/selective attachment. - Can be suffix or prefix. - Close to stem.
259.	Thurgood Marshall		Thought that the car title washing case was NOT ambiguous. Falsely made includes documents which contain falsified information. Because "falsely made" appeared with other words, it must mean this, otherwise the writers wouldn't have included so many synonyms (Grice - maxim of quantity).
260.	sex versus gender		Sex: physiology, genetic. Gender: culture, identity.
261.	θ		Voiceless - THINK, WITH
262.	sonority		How resonant a sound is. Vowels are more sonorous, and are therefore in the middle of syllables. Plosives are least sonorous, and are beginning/end of syllables. Fricatives are middle of sonorous scale.
263.	indirect speech acts		Doesn't directly address issue, but "answers" as a correct response. Would you like to meet me for coffee? I have class. (Rejection)
264.	language contact		e.g. bilingual, learn less well, cause shifts. Borrow words and sound constructions from other languages.
265.	ʤ		JURY, ADJUST, BADGE
266.	Relevenance Theory		Based on Grice's Cooperation: communication based on intentions.