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1.
epiglottis
Nearby the vocal cords, juts out slightly into pharynx. Cartilage membrane. (Glottal sounds.)
2.
pharynx
Throat. Was elongated by the descending of the larynx.
3.
Why picked up language?
1. Hunt better.
2. Think better.
3. For "gossip" purposes.
4. For marriage purposes.
5. Spandrel theory.
4.
Communicative displays in animals.
10-35 unique displays.
5.
Why speaking? (2)
1. Need an "open loop" system to provide constant feedback.
2. Chemical, touch, electrical, neural, visual aren't that effective.
6.
alveolar ridge
Bump right behind top teeth. Can cause sounds by tongue touching it, or behind it. (Alveolar or postalveolar.)
7.
Broca's Region
- Helps create a variety of sounds in the (now) elongated mouth.
- Broca's aphasia can't speak fluently, mixed morphemes. (But comprehension is good!)
8.
Human Dimorphism (vs. Primate)
- larynx is larger, and lower (in males)

In apes, no change in larynx: only larger teeth and bigger size.
9.
vocal cords
Can buzz by Bernoulli forces, causing voiced/voiceless.
10.
Spandrel Theory
Theory that language resulted from an accidental convenient twist.
11.
larynx
Voice box. Houses the vocal cords. Became lower and larger in evolution.
12.
trachea/esophagus
Two tubes: one for breathing and the other for eating.
13.
soft palate/velum
Back of throat, guards opening to nasal cavity. Causes velar sounds.
14.
Wernicke's Region
- Understanding of language. Can now understand more sounds.
15.
encephalization
Brain size normalized would be proportional to social-ness of group. Groups of ~150 too large, so possible speaking to adapt to gossip.
16.
Adaptions for language (3)
1. Shortened the muzzle, longer oral cavity.
2. Brain grew larger.
3. Increase size of pharynx by lowering larynx.
17.
Disadvantages of adapations (3)
1. Can now choke (!!!)
2. Larger brain requires more energy. Brain tissue = 10x energy of other tissue.
3. Requires longer gestation, so humans now born prematurlely.
18.
Machiavelli Intelligence Theory
Intelligence (deception, lying, etc.) drove our brains to become a lot bigger than expected.

1.	epiglottis	Nearby the vocal cords, juts out slightly into pharynx. Cartilage membrane. (Glottal sounds.)
2.	pharynx	Throat. Was elongated by the descending of the larynx.
3.	Why picked up language?	1. Hunt better. 2. Think better. 3. For "gossip" purposes. 4. For marriage purposes. 5. Spandrel theory.
4.	Communicative displays in animals.	10-35 unique displays.
5.	Why speaking? (2)	1. Need an "open loop" system to provide constant feedback. 2. Chemical, touch, electrical, neural, visual aren't that effective.
6.	alveolar ridge	Bump right behind top teeth. Can cause sounds by tongue touching it, or behind it. (Alveolar or postalveolar.)
7.	Broca's Region	- Helps create a variety of sounds in the (now) elongated mouth. - Broca's aphasia can't speak fluently, mixed morphemes. (But comprehension is good!)
8.	Human Dimorphism (vs. Primate)	- larynx is larger, and lower (in males) In apes, no change in larynx: only larger teeth and bigger size.
9.	vocal cords	Can buzz by Bernoulli forces, causing voiced/voiceless.
10.	Spandrel Theory	Theory that language resulted from an accidental convenient twist.
11.	larynx	Voice box. Houses the vocal cords. Became lower and larger in evolution.
12.	trachea/esophagus	Two tubes: one for breathing and the other for eating.
13.	soft palate/velum	Back of throat, guards opening to nasal cavity. Causes velar sounds.
14.	Wernicke's Region	- Understanding of language. Can now understand more sounds.
15.	encephalization	Brain size normalized would be proportional to social-ness of group. Groups of ~150 too large, so possible speaking to adapt to gossip.
16.	Adaptions for language (3)	1. Shortened the muzzle, longer oral cavity. 2. Brain grew larger. 3. Increase size of pharynx by lowering larynx.
17.	Disadvantages of adapations (3)	1. Can now choke (!!!) 2. Larger brain requires more energy. Brain tissue = 10x energy of other tissue. 3. Requires longer gestation, so humans now born prematurlely.
18.	Machiavelli Intelligence Theory	Intelligence (deception, lying, etc.) drove our brains to become a lot bigger than expected.